A single-ended Brillouin optical time domain analysis system based on Rayleigh scattering is proposed, which is not affected by the temperature drift phenomenon of electro-optic modulator transmission curve. Both the synthesis signal required by the system and temperature characteristic are analyzed. By setting up a single-ended Brillouin optical time domain analysis sensing system is set up to measure the temperature characteristic. The results show that the Brillouin frequency shift obtained by Brillouin gain spectrum had a good linear relationship with temperature. The temperature coefficient of Brillouin frequency shift obtained by single-ended Brillouin optical time domain analysis temperature measurement system is 1.109MHz/℃, which is well consistent with the result of 1.2MHz/℃ obtained by the conventional double-ended Brillouin optical domain analysis system. The temperature sensing measurement with a spatial resolution of 9.5m is obtained over a fiber length of 1.77km.